Lesson 01 Find Fossil Man

Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful?

We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas - legends handed down from one generation of storyteller to another. These legends are useful because the can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologist wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.

But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them find out where the first “modern men” came from.

Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of lone ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.

📖 文章主题

探讨人类如何通过文字记录、口头传说和考古发现来了解古代人类的历史。


🎯 核心问题回答

Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful?

答案:传说之所以有用,是因为它们能告诉我们关于古代人类迁徙的信息,尤其是那些生活在很久以前、没有文字记录能力的人群。

原文依据

“These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did.”


📝 段落解析

第一段:三种了解历史的方式

核心内容

  1. 文字记录(5,000年前开始)

    • 近东地区最早学会书写
    • 可以读到5000年前发生的事情
  2. 口头传说(无文字地区)

    • 通过讲故事的方式代代相传
    • 称为 sagas(传奇故事)
  3. 传说的价值

    • 帮助了解古代人类的迁徙
    • 例如:波利尼西亚人的祖先来自印度尼西亚(约2000年前)

重点句型

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The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas.
他们保存历史的唯一方式就是把它当作传说讲述出来。

结构:The only way (that)... is to do sth.
唯一的方法是...

第二段:最早人类的困境

核心内容

  • 最早的”现代人”生活得太久远
  • 即使有传说也已被遗忘
  • 考古学家既没有历史记录,也没有传说可以依靠

关键表达

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But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that...
但是最早像我们这样的人生活得如此久远,以至于...

结构:so... that...(如此...以至于...)

第三段:考古学的希望——石器

核心内容

  1. 古人制作石器

    • 主要用燧石(flint),因为容易塑形
    • 也可能用木头和兽皮,但已腐烂
  2. 石头的优势

    • 不会腐烂(decay)
    • 即使制作者的骨头都消失了,石器仍然保留

重点对比

材料 特点 结果
木头、兽皮 会腐烂(rot away) 已消失
石头 不会腐烂(does not decay) 保存至今
人骨 会消失(disappear without trace) 无踪迹

📚 重点词汇详解

1. recount /rɪˈkaʊnt/

  • 词性:动词
  • 含义:详细叙述,讲述
  • 例句
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    She recounted her adventures in Africa.
    她详细讲述了在非洲的冒险经历。

2. saga /ˈsɑːɡə/

  • 词性:名词
  • 含义:传奇故事;长篇冒险故事
  • 例句
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    The saga of their journey across the desert fascinated everyone.
    他们穿越沙漠的传奇故事让所有人着迷。

3. anthropologist /ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst/

  • 词性:名词
  • 含义:人类学家
  • 词根:anthropo-(人类)+ -logist(学家)
  • 相关词
    • anthropology(人类学)
    • archaeology(考古学)

4. Polynesian /ˌpɒlɪˈniːʒən/

  • 词性:形容词/名词
  • 含义:波利尼西亚的/波利尼西亚人
  • 地理:太平洋岛屿地区

5. flint /flɪnt/

  • 词性:名词
  • 含义:燧石(一种坚硬的石头)
  • 用途:古代制作工具和生火

6. rot /rɒt/

  • 词性:动词
  • 含义:腐烂,腐朽
  • 短语:rot away(完全腐烂)
  • 例句
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    The wood had rotted away over the years.
    木头经年累月已经腐烂了。

7. decay /dɪˈkeɪ/

  • 词性:动词/名词
  • 含义:腐烂;衰败
  • 区别
    • rot:强调有机物质的腐烂
    • decay:更广泛,可指任何形式的衰败

8. trace /treɪs/

  • 词性:名词/动词
  • 含义:痕迹;追踪
  • 短语:without trace(无影无踪)
  • 例句
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    The plane vanished without trace.
    飞机消失得无影无踪。

🔑 重点语法结构

1. 定语从句

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We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago.
我们可以读到5000年前发生的事情。

The only way that they can preserve their history is...
他们保存历史的唯一方式是...

2. 被动语态

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legends handed down from one generation to another
代代相传的传说

(完整形式:legends that are handed down...)

3. so…that…结构

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lived so long ago that even their sagas are forgotten
生活得如此久远,以至于即使他们的传说也被遗忘了

4. neither…nor…结构

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archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them
考古学家既没有历史也没有传说来帮助他们

💡 文章逻辑结构

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了解古代人类历史的三种方式:

1. 文字记录 ✓
└─ 5000年前开始
└─ 有限制:只在某些地区

2. 口头传说 ✓
└─ 无文字地区的方式
└─ 有限制:最早的人类连传说都没留下

3. 考古发现 ✓✓✓
└─ 石器工具
└─ 最可靠:石头不会腐烂

🎓 学习要点

理解层面

  1. 人类历史研究的三个来源
  2. 为什么石器对考古学如此重要
  3. 不同材料的保存性差异

语言层面

  1. 定语从句的使用
  2. 因果关系的表达(because, so…that)
  3. 对比结构(but, however)

词汇层面

  1. 历史考古相关词汇
  2. 材料特性描述词汇
  3. 时间表达方式

✍️ 写作可借鉴的表达

  1. 引出话题

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    We can read of things that happened...
    我们可以读到...发生的事情
  2. 转折对比

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    But there are some parts of the world where...
    但是世界上有些地方...
  3. 强调唯一性

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    The only way that... is to...
    ...的唯一方式是...
  4. 表达幸运

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    Fortunately, however,...
    然而,幸运的是...

这篇文章展示了说明文的典型结构:提出问题→分析问题→给出答案,语言简洁清晰,逻辑严密,非常适合学习英语写作!