What makes trading between rich countries difficult?

Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables. No, say the American: our fowl are fine, we simply clean them in a different way. These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries. It is not just farmers who are complaining. An electric razor that meets the European Union’s safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU’s okay before is hits the market in Europe.

As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans. So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do? Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products. They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28TH. Although negotiators are optimistic, the details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all.

Why? One difficulty is to construct the agreements. The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and then hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing. The EU—following fine continental traditions—wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.

文章讲解：富国之间的贸易障碍

📋 文章主旨

这篇文章探讨了发达国家之间的贸易障碍，重点是技术标准和法规差异如何阻碍贸易，而非传统的关税壁垒。

📖 段落详解

第一段：问题的提出

核心观点：国家间的法规差异（而非关税）成为贸易的主要障碍

具体例子：

• 🐔 鸡肉争议：美国屠宰的鸡肉不符合欧盟标准（清洗方式不同）
• ⚡ 电动剃须刀：符合欧盟标准的产品仍需美国测试才能在美销售
• 🏥 透析机：美国制造的设备需欧盟批准才能进入欧洲市场

关键词解析：

• slaughtered (屠宰的) - 指鸡肉的加工方式
• fowl (家禽) - 美国对鸡肉的辩护
• tariffs (关税) - 文章强调这不是主要问题
• razor (剃须刀) / dialysis (透析) - 具体产品案例

第二段：解决方案的尝试

核心观点：既然标准实质相同，为何不统一测试？

谈判进展：

• 🤝 美国和欧盟试图达成协议，消除重复测试
• 📅 目标：5月28日贸易峰会前完成
• ⚠️ 现状：谈判者乐观，但细节复杂

关键词解析：

• electrocute (电击致死) - 用反讽说明欧洲标准的剃须刀不会伤害美国人
• eliminate (消除) - 协议的目标
• summit (峰会) - 高级别会议
• negotiators (谈判者) - 进行协商的官员

第三段：谈判的难点

核心观点：美欧在协议结构上存在根本分歧

两种不同立场：

关键词解析：

• hammer out (敲定) - 经过艰苦谈判达成协议
• pacts (协定) - 正式协议

🎯 文章结构总结

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问题 → 尝试解决 → 遇到困难
  ↓         ↓           ↓
法规差异   统一标准    方法分歧

💡 深层含义

1. 文化差异：美国的实用主义 vs 欧洲的系统化思维
2. 主权问题：标准统一涉及国家监管权力的让渡
3. 贸易现实：即使是盟友，利益协调也极其复杂

📝 重点词汇总结

贸易相关：tariffs, trade summit, negotiators, pacts
产品/标准：slaughtered, fowl, razor, dialysis, electrocute
动作：eliminate, hammer out

这篇文章揭示了全球化时代的新型贸易壁垒——不是关税，而是看似技术性的标准差异背后的深层矛盾。

In what way does echo-location in bats play an utilitarian role?

Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.

To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back. The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.

It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles—or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.

重点句子精讲与翻译

第一段重点句

句子1️⃣

原文：

Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.

结构分析：

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主句1: Not all sounds ... serve as language
     (部分否定)

连接词: and

主句2: we have only to turn to ... to see ...
     (只需要...就能看到...)
     
定语从句: in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role
        (修饰 a case)

逐词翻译：

• Not all = 并非所有（部分否定，不是”所有都不”）
• sounds made by animals = 动物发出的声音
• serve as = 充当，作为
• we have only to do sth = 我们只需做某事
• turn to = 转向，查看
• extraordinary discovery = 非凡的发现
• echo-location = 回声定位
• a case in which = 一个…的例子
• strictly utilitarian role = 纯粹实用的角色

参考译文：
并非所有动物发出的声音都具有语言功能，我们只需看看蝙蝠回声定位这一非凡发现，就能明白声音在某些情况下纯粹起着实用性作用。

翻译要点：

• “Not all” 要译成”并非所有”，不能译成”所有都不”
• “have only to” 强调”只需要”的简单性
• “strictly utilitarian” 强调”纯粹的实用性”

第二段重点句

句子2️⃣

原文：

Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back.

结构分析：

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主句: Everyone knows that...
宾语从句: if he shouts..., an echo will come back
         (条件状语从句 + 主句)

逐词翻译：

• in the vicinity of = 在…附近，在…邻近
• mountainside = 山坡，山腰
• echo = 回声
• come back = 返回

参考译文：
每个人都知道，如果在墙壁或山坡附近大喊，就会听到回声返回。

句子3️⃣ ⭐ 重点难句

原文：

A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated.

结构分析：

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第一部分：
主语: A sound (made by tapping on the hull)
      [过去分词短语作定语]
谓语: will be reflected from...

第二部分：
方式状语: by measuring the time interval...
主语: the depth of the sea
谓语: can be calculated

逐词翻译：

• tap on = 敲击
• hull = 船体
• be reflected from = 从…反射回来
• sea bottom = 海底
• measuring = 测量
• time interval = 时间间隔
• between A and B = 在A和B之间
• the receipt of the echoes = 接收回声
• at that point = 在那个位置

参考译文：
敲击船体发出的声音会从海底反射回来，通过测量敲击声和接收回声之间的时间间隔，就可以计算出该处的海水深度。

翻译技巧：

• “made by tapping” 后置定语前置翻译：”敲击…发出的”
• “by measuring” 方式状语提前更符合中文习惯
• “at that point” 译为”该处”更简洁

句子4️⃣

原文：

So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships.

结构分析：

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倒装句: So was born the apparatus
正常语序: So the apparatus was born

插入语: now in general use in ships
       (现在在船上普遍使用)

逐词翻译：

• So was born = 于是…诞生了（倒装强调）
• echo-sounding apparatus = 回声测深仪
• in general use = 普遍使用，广泛应用
• now = 现在

参考译文：
回声测深仪就这样诞生了，现在已在船舶上普遍使用。

语法点：

• 倒装句用于强调”诞生”这个动作
• “now in general use” 是插入语，补充说明现状

句子5️⃣ ⭐ 重点难句

原文：

Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.

结构分析：

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主句: Every solid object will reflect a sound

现在分词短语作状语: varying according to...
                  (表示伴随情况)

逐词翻译：

• solid object = 固体物体
• reflect = 反射
• varying = 变化（现在分词）
• according to = 根据，按照
• nature = 性质，特性

参考译文：
每个固体物体都会反射声音，反射效果因物体的大小和性质而异。

翻译技巧：

• “varying according to” 直译是”根据…而变化”
• 意译为”因…而异”更地道

句子6️⃣

原文：

So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish.

结构分析：

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主语: it (形式主语)
真正主语: from locating... to locating...
         (从...到...)

逐词翻译：

• comparatively = 相对地，比较地
• simple step = 简单的一步
• from A to B = 从A到B
• locate = 定位
• shoal of fish = 鱼群

参考译文：
因此，从定位海底到定位鱼群，这是一个相对简单的进步。

句子7️⃣ ⭐ 最难句

原文：

With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.

结构分析：

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状语1: With experience
状语2: with improved apparatus
形式主语: it
真正主语: to locate... but to tell...
         (not only... but (also)... 结构)
方式状语: by the pattern of its echo

逐词翻译：

• with experience = 凭借经验
• improved apparatus = 改进的设备
• it is possible to do = 有可能做某事
• not only… but (also)… = 不仅…而且…
• tell if = 判断是否
• by the pattern of = 通过…的模式
• echo = 回声

参考译文：
凭借经验和改进的设备，现在不仅可以定位鱼群，还可以通过回声的模式来判断是鲱鱼、鳕鱼还是其他常见鱼类。

翻译难点：

1. 两个”with”状语的处理
2. “not only… but” 结构要完整体现
3. “by the pattern” 方式状语的位置调整

第三段重点句

句子8️⃣

原文：

It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles—or locate flying insects on which they feed.

结构分析：

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主句: It has been found that...
宾语从句主干: bats emit squeaks and they can locate...
方式状语: by receiving the echoes
定语从句: on which they feed (修饰 insects)

逐词翻译：

• it has been found that = 已经发现（现在完成时被动）
• certain bats = 某些蝙蝠
• emit = 发出
• squeaks = 尖叫声，吱吱声
• by receiving = 通过接收
• steer clear of = 避开
• obstacles = 障碍物
• on which they feed = 它们以此为食

参考译文：
研究发现，某些蝙蝠会发出尖叫声，通过接收回声，它们可以定位并避开障碍物——或者定位它们捕食的飞行昆虫。

翻译要点：

• “It has been found” 可译为”研究发现”更自然
• 破折号表示补充说明
• “on which they feed” 译为”它们捕食的”

句子9️⃣

原文：

This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.

结构分析：

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主句: This echo-location is compared with radar
非限定性定语从句: the principle of which is similar
                (= whose principle is similar)

逐词翻译：

• be compared with = 被拿来与…比较
• radar = 雷达
• the principle of which = 其原理（= whose principle）
• similar = 相似的

参考译文：
蝙蝠的这种回声定位常被拿来与雷达相比较，两者的原理相似。

核心翻译技巧总结

How does the writer describe sport at the international level?

I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport create goodwill between nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battle field. Even if one didn’t know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.

Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behavior of the players but the attitude of the spectators; and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into feries over these absurd contests, and seriously believe—at any rate for short periods—that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.

📖 全文翻译与深度讲解

🎯 第一段：反驳”体育促进和平”论

原文：

I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport create goodwill between nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battle field.

翻译：

每当我听到人们说体育能在国家之间创造友好关系，说如果世界各国的普通民众能在足球场或板球场上相遇，他们就不会有意愿在战场上相见时，我总是感到惊讶。

讲解：

• 🎭 修辞手法：”amazed”表达强烈的不认同
• ⚔️ 对比：football/cricket（和平） vs battlefield（战争）
• 💭 讽刺：暗示这种想法很天真

原文：

Even if one didn’t know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.

翻译：

即使人们不知道具体的例子（比如1936年奥运会），不知道国际体育比赛会导致仇恨的狂欢，也可以从一般原理中推断出这一点。

讲解：

• 📅 历史证据：1936年柏林奥运会（纳粹德国利用奥运进行政治宣传）
• 🔥 关键词：”orgies of hatred”（仇恨的狂欢）
  • “orgies”原意是纵欲狂欢，这里指仇恨情绪的极度爆发
• 🧠 论证方式：既有实例，又有逻辑推理

🏆 第二段：体育竞争的本质

原文：

Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.

翻译：

如今实行的几乎所有体育运动都是竞技性的。你参赛是为了获胜，除非你全力以赴去赢，否则比赛就没什么意义。

讲解：

• ⚡ 核心观点：现代体育 = 竞争
• 🎯 目的性：”play to win”（为赢而赛）
• 📊 绝对化：”little meaning unless…”（否则毫无意义）

原文：

On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise:

翻译：

在乡村草地上，你随意分组，不涉及任何地方爱国主义情感时，确实可能只是为了娱乐和锻炼而比赛：

讲解：

• 🌳 理想场景：”village green”（乡村草地）象征纯粹、简单
• 👥 随意性：”pick up sides”（随便分队）
• ✅ 关键条件：”no feeling of local patriotism”（无爱国情感）
• 🎈 纯粹动机：”fun and exercise”（娱乐和锻炼）

原文：

but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused.

翻译：

但一旦涉及声誉问题，一旦你感到如果输了，你和你所代表的某个更大群体将蒙受耻辱，最野蛮的好斗本能就会被激发出来。

讲解：

• 🔑 转折点：”as soon as”（一旦…就…）重复使用，强调转变的迅速
• 🏅 关键词解析：
  • prestige（声誉/威望）：个人荣誉上升到集体层面
  • disgraced（蒙羞）：失败 = 耻辱
  • savage（野蛮的）：原始、不文明
  • combative instincts（好斗本能）：人类的攻击性
• ⚠️ 心理机制：集体荣誉感 → 激发原始攻击性

原文：

Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this.

翻译：

任何参加过哪怕只是校园足球比赛的人都知道这一点。

讲解：

• 👤 诉诸经验：从个人体验出发，增强说服力
• 📉 降低门槛：”even in a school match”（即使是校园比赛）
• 💡 暗示：连学校层面都如此，何况国际层面

⚔️ 第三段：国际体育的真相

原文：

At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare.

翻译：

在国际层面，体育坦率地说就是模拟战争。

讲解：

• 💣 核心论断：全文最重要的一句话
• 🎭 关键词：
  • frankly（坦率地说）：直言不讳，揭开伪装
  • mimic（模拟/模仿）：不是真战争，但本质相同
  • warfare（战争）：最强烈的比喻
• 🔍 深意：体育 = 不流血的战争

原文：

But the significant thing is not the behavior of the players but the attitude of the spectators;

翻译：

但重要的不是运动员的行为，而是观众的态度；

讲解：

• 🎯 焦点转移：从球员 → 观众
• 👥 真正问题：观众代表民众情绪
• 🔄 逻辑递进：准备引出更深层次的问题

原文：

and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests,

翻译：

而在观众背后，是那些为这些荒谬的竞赛让自己陷入狂怒的国家，

讲解：

• 🎭 层层递进：球员 → 观众 → 国家
• 🌪️ 关键词：
  • work themselves into furies（让自己陷入狂怒）
    • 主动使自己狂怒，强调非理性
  • absurd contests（荒谬的竞赛）
    • 作者的价值判断：体育比赛本质上很荒谬
• 🏛️ 国家层面：上升到政治高度

原文：

and seriously believe—at any rate for short periods—that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.

翻译：

并且认真地相信——至少在短时间内——跑步、跳跃和踢球是对民族美德的考验。

讲解：

• 😂 极度讽刺：
  • running, jumping and kicking a ball（跑、跳、踢球）
    • 用最简单的动词描述，凸显荒谬
  • national virtue（民族美德）
    • 高大上的词汇，形成强烈反差
• ⏰ 时间限定：”at any rate for short periods”（至少短期内）
  • 暗示这种狂热是暂时的、非理性的
• 🎪 核心讽刺：简单的体育动作 ≠ 民族道德优越性

📊 文章结构图解

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理想观点：体育促进和平
        ↓
      ❌ 反驳
        ↓
实际情况：体育引发仇恨
        ↓
   原因分析：
        ↓
村庄级别 → 学校级别 → 国际级别
（娱乐）  （荣誉）   （战争）
        ↓
   问题根源：
        ↓
球员 → 观众 → 国家
      （民族主义狂热）

🎨 写作特色总结

1️⃣ 论证手法

• ✅ 对比论证（理想 vs 现实）
• ✅ 递进论证（村庄 → 学校 → 国际）
• ✅ 举例论证（1936奥运会）
• ✅ 经验论证（校园足球赛）

2️⃣ 修辞技巧

• 🎭 讽刺：absurd contests, national virtue
• 🔥 夸张：orgies of hatred, furies
• ⚔️ 比喻：mimic warfare
• 📉 降格：将高尚的体育降为简单动作

3️⃣ 语言风格

• 💪 直接有力：”frankly”
• 🎯 精准用词：savage, combative, disgraced
• 🌊 节奏感强：多次使用”as soon as”

💭 深层思考

作者真正批判的是什么？

现实意义

• 🌍 世界杯、奥运会期间的民族情绪
• 🏴 体育成为政治工具
• 👥 群体狂热的危险性

📝 重点句型与表达

1. I am always amazed when…

   • 表达强烈不认同的句型

2. as soon as… the most savage instincts are aroused

   • 描述心理转变的经典结构

3. frankly speaking / to be frank

   • 坦率表达观点

4. work oneself into…

   • 使自己陷入某种状态

总结：这是一篇犀利的批判性散文，作者通过层层递进的论证，揭示了国际体育背后的民族主义本质，文笔辛辣，论证有力，是经典的议论文范本。🎯

How does the writer like to treat young people?

People are always talking about ‘the problem of youth’. If there is one — which I take leave to doubt — then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings — people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.

When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain — that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.

I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things. It’s as if they were, in some sense, cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect for elders — as if mere age were a reason for respsect. I accept that we are equal, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.

📘 深度解析：《如何对待年轻人》

🎯 文章结构图

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引言：驳斥"青年问题"
        ↓
个人经历：理解年轻人的需求
        ↓
核心观点：欣赏+平等对待

📖 逐句精讲

第一段：破除偏见

句1-2:

“People are always talking about ‘the problem of youth’. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt—then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves.”

解析:

• “take leave to doubt” = 恕我怀疑(礼貌的质疑表达)
• 强调句 “it is…who…” 强调是老年人制造问题
• 逻辑: 即使有问题,责任也在老年人

句3:

“Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—people just like their elders.”

解析:

• get down to fundamentals = 回归本质
• after all = 毕竟,归根结底
• 核心论点: 年轻人=人类=和老年人一样

句4-5:

“There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.”

解析:

• 对比修辞:
  • before him (在前方) ↔ behind him (在身后)
  • glorious (光辉的) ↔ splendid (辉煌的)
• “where the rub is” = 问题所在(出自莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》)
• 深层含义: 老年人可能嫉妒年轻人的未来,这才是代际冲突的根源

第二段：同理心视角

句1:

“When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain—that I was a new boy in a huge school…”

解析:

• 比喻: 青少年 = 大学校里的新生
• 体现年轻人的感受:渺小、不确定、缺乏归属感

句2:

“…and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem.”

解析:

• 反讽手法: 被当作”问题”反而是好事
• 原因: 至少说明被关注了,有存在感

句3:

“For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.”

解析:

• 核心洞察: 年轻人最需要的是身份认同(identity)
• “busily engaged in seeking” = 忙于寻找
• 揭示青春期的本质任务:自我定位

第三段：作者的态度(重点段)

Part 1: 欣赏年轻人的品质

“I find young people exciting.”

解析:

• 开门见山表明态度:exciting(令人兴奋的,而非troublesome麻烦的)

“They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort.”

解析:

• an air of freedom = 自由的气息/氛围
• not…dreary commitment to mean ambitions = 没有对卑微野心的沉闷执着
  • dreary = 沉闷乏味的
  • mean = 卑微的、低劣的(指功利性的小目标)
  • 对比: 年轻人有理想主义,不像成年人只追求实际利益

“They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things.”

解析:

• anxious social climbers = 焦虑的社会攀登者(指热衷于提升社会地位的人)
• devotion to material things = 对物质的热衷
• 总结年轻人的优点:
  1. ✅ 不功利
  2. ✅ 不攀附权贵
  3. ✅ 不物质主义

Part 2: 哲学性比喻

“All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things.”

解析:

• link them with life = 把他们与生命本质联系起来
• the origins of things = 万物的起源
• 含义: 年轻人更接近生命的本真状态

“It’s as if they were, in some sense, cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures.”

解析:

• 核心对比:

• violent and lovely contrast = 激烈而美好的对比

  • violent = 强烈的、激烈的(褒义)
  • 体现年轻人的生命力

• suburban 的隐喻:

  • 字面:郊区的
  • 引申:安于现状、缺乏冒险精神、生活模式化

Part 3: 实践原则

“All that is in my mind when I meet a young person.”

解析:

• 以上想法是作者遇到年轻人时的预设态度
• 先入为主地欣赏,而非挑剔

“He may be conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous…”

解析:

• 列举年轻人可能的缺点:
  • conceited = 自负的,自大的
  • ill-mannered = 没礼貌的
  • presumptuous = 放肆的,冒昧的
  • fatuous = 愚蠢的,昏庸的

“…but I do not turn for protection to dreary clichés about respect for elders—as if mere age were a reason for respect.”

解析:

• turn for protection to = 求助于…来保护自己
• dreary clichés = 陈腐的老生常谈
  • 指”尊敬长辈”这类说教
• 破折号后的解释:
  • as if mere age were a reason for respect = 好像仅仅年龄就是值得尊重的理由
  • 虚拟语气(were) 表示作者认为这是不成立的假设

核心观点: 年龄本身不值得尊重,值得尊重的是人品和智慧

“I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.”

解析:

• 三次强调”equal”(平等):

  1. we are equals
  2. as an equal
  3. argue with him(辩论,而非训斥)

• argue 的积极含义:

  • 不是吵架,而是理性讨论
  • 体现尊重对方的思考能力

🎨 写作手法分析

1. 对比手法

2. 反讽(Irony)

• “被当作问题反而高兴” → 揭示年轻人渴望被关注
• “尊重长辈的陈词滥调” → 讽刺以年龄压人的做法

3. 比喻(Metaphor)

• 新生 vs 大学校 → 年轻人的不确定感
• 宇宙生命 vs 郊区生物 → 本质 vs 平庸
• 未来在前 vs 过去在后 → 时间的方向性

4. 排比(Parallelism)

• “not…dreary commitment / not…anxious climbers / no devotion…”
• “conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous”
• 增强语气,强化观点

💡 深层主题

1. 代际关系的本质

• 不是”问题 vs 解决者”
• 而是”平等的人 vs 平等的人”

2. 尊重的真正含义

• ❌ 不是基于年龄的等级制度
• ✅ 是基于人格的相互理解

3. 青春的价值

• 不在于”完美”
• 而在于”生命力”和”可能性”

4. 成年人的反思

• 是否失去了理想主义?
• 是否变成了”郊区生物”?

📝 文章金句

1. “It is older people who create it, not the young themselves.”

   • 问题的制造者往往是指责者

2. “Being a problem gives you a certain identity.”

   • 存在感比完美更重要

3. “As if mere age were a reason for respect.”

   • 年龄不等于智慧

4. “Cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with suburban creatures.”

   • 生命力 vs 平庸性

🎓 写作启示

论证技巧:

1. 先破后立: 先驳斥错误观点,再建立正确观点
2. 以情动人: 用个人经历增强说服力
3. 对比鲜明: 用强烈对比突出观点

语言特色:

1. 修辞丰富: 比喻、反讽、排比
2. 用词精准: cosmic vs suburban / violent vs dreary
3. 句式多变: 长短句结合,节奏感强

✅ 总结

这篇文章是一篇关于代际关系的哲理散文,作者通过:

• 🔍 驳斥”青年问题”论
• 💭 回忆自身经历
• ❤️ 表达对年轻人的欣赏
• 🤝 主张平等对待

最终传达的核心价值观:

真正的尊重不是基于年龄,而是基于平等的人格;年轻人的价值不在于完美,而在于生命力和可能性。

题目

Given a binary search tree and the lowest and highest boundaries as L and R, trim the tree so that all its elements lies in [L, R] (R >= L). You might need to change the root of the tree, so the result should return the new root of the trimmed binary search tree.

Example 1:

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Input: 
    1
   / \
  0   2

  L = 1
  R = 2

Output: 
    1
      \
       2

Example 2:

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Input: 
    3
   / \
  0   4
   \
    2
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  1

  L = 1
  R = 3

Output: 
      3
     / 
   2   
  /
 1

难度

Easy

方法

采用递归的方法。如果root为空，则直接返回root; 如果root的值<L，表示root及其左子树所有节点都<L，那么需要改变root节点，从root.right中重新寻找root节点。同理，当root的值>R时，需要从root.left中重新寻找root节点。当L<=root.val<=R时，则递归处理root的左右子树。

python代码

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class TreeNode(object):
    def __init__(self, x):
        self.val = x
        self.left = None
        self.right = None

class Solution(object):
    def trimBST(self, root, L, R):
        if root == None:
            return None

        if root.val < L:
            return self.trimBST(root.right, L, R)
        if root.val > R:
            return self.trimBST(root.left, L, R)

        root.left = self.trimBST(root.left, L, R)
        root.right = self.trimBST(root.right, L, R)

        return root

root = TreeNode(1)
root.left = TreeNode(0)
root.right = TreeNode(2)
assert Solution().trimBST(root, 3, 4) == None

root = TreeNode(3)
root.left = TreeNode(0)
root.right = TreeNode(4)
root.left.right = TreeNode(2)
root.left.right.left = TreeNode(1)
root = Solution().trimBST(root, 1, 3)
assert root.val == 3
assert root.left.val == 2
assert root.right == None
assert root.left.left.val == 1

晚上11点前睡，你能做到吗？

1

前几天，北京大学法学院2017迎新典礼上，白建军教授给新生的建议火遍全网：“早睡早起+把微信朋友圈控制在10人以内+拒绝以陪读为目的的表白。这个办法能不能把你弄成精英中的精英，我不知道。但试过的，都说好。”

这3条建议中，我试过“早睡早起”这一条。抓住早睡这个突破点后，早起也能轻松上手，投资小，回报大，性价比高。

但我观察周围，这大约是个年轻人全民熬夜的年代。有人工作分工没办法，有人夜晚干活效率高，有人单纯性晚睡拖延症。许多人在睡觉方面缺乏自制力，晚上不想睡，手机像长在手上似的；早上起不来，醒来就跟闹钟置气，一天到晚觉得困。

原来在我们这个时代，早睡早起，真的变成了最知易行难的自律。

虽然网上不时会曝出因为熬夜导致健康受损甚至猝死的案例，不管当事人如何苦口婆心地劝诫一定要规律作息，千万不要熬夜，可还是有许多人会说，道理我们都知道的，可就是忍不住熬夜啊。

2

以前我在深圳工作时，有段时间早上五点多就起床，去附近的荔香公园快走。我发现这个时段公园里老年人的密度极高，他们神采奕奕地进行着做操、跑步、挥鞭等各种锻炼。

而我看到年轻人密度最高的时段是晚上。我有时加班到晚上十点多，在赶回家睡觉的路上，看到写字楼里还有大片灯光，商场周围还有K歌聚会，便利店里还有人进人出。

这好像一幕滑稽戏，早睡早起的老年人和晚睡晚起的年轻人，处于不同的时区。结果，老年人状态越来越燃，年轻人却越活越没精神。

其实，早睡早起，是性价比最高的自律。

前东家大领导30多岁那年，大病一场之后，作息习惯大换血，他把工作模式从没日没夜改为早睡早起，工作绩效不减反增；

我婶婶婚后越长越好看，随着年纪增长，她的皮肤却比初见时细腻白嫩了很多，她说因为自己单身时熬的夜，结婚后都戒了；

我早上五点多去公园的事迹被同事们听说后，都叉着腰笑我过着老年人的生活，可我那时的工作效率和身体状态都处于巅峰级别。

3

我最近采访了一位服装品牌的女创始人。采访前，我没想到作为一个张罗创业公司大小业务、高频参加品牌活动和电视节目、照顾一儿一女起居饮食的妈妈，竟然这么活力四射、声音带感。

我掘地三尺地问她如何保持这么赞的状态，她归因为早睡早起，作息规律。

她告诉我，她之前刚生完孩子那阵，起夜奶娃导致睡不好觉，眼圈深黑、披头散发，整天抱着负面情绪的洋快餐在啃啊啃。

这几年，她的生活质量因睡眠改善而改头换面。她晚上八九点把小儿子哄睡，然后接着给大女儿讲睡前故事，通常女儿还没睡着，她倒先催眠了自己。

晚上九点十点就入睡，第二天早上七点起床，能最大限度地保证自己电力满格。

同一个人的两个对照组也证明，每天这种早睡早起的节律感，能让人心情愉悦，办事高效。但凡是眼不拙的人，都能看出老天在打赏敬重生物钟的人。

4

以前，一位文笔有灵气的女作者，她白天上班，晚上写作，每次看她公众号的更文时间都很心疼她。

她做任何工作，业绩都要拼到极致，任何吃穿用度都要用到最好，晚上一两点才睡是常态，生病了还边打吊瓶边写作。在她的一篇文章里，她悲情地说自己掉发严重、记性变差，怀疑自己会早早死掉。

我不看好这种“自毁式的勤奋”，这哪是鸡血，分明是狗血。我多希望她能把晚睡晚起置换成早睡早起，在工作时长差不多的情况下，把对身体的伤害降至最低。

以保重身体为前提的努力，是一种远见。

我热爱写作，也想长久写作，所以，榜样都是精力足以撑起终生写作的人。比如村上春树，对于小说家及其创作而言，他认为最重要的就是集中力和耐力。这就是他早睡早起、朝五晚九、规律生活、坚持跑步的原因，是为了身体好，有体力，以便能有写一本书的能量。

日本另一位高产优产的作家松浦弥太郎，也在书中写过早睡早起、作息规律的重要性。他说：每天晚上十点左右上床，早上五点起床，每隔一天要去锻炼，快走十公里，然后八点去上班。这种规律性的生活对于我来说，是非常重要的工作之一。

健康管理是最重要的工作。有规律地生活，是做好一切的最基本要求。时刻保持旺盛的精力，这也是获得信任的第一步。

如果你有心追求事业，热爱生活，深爱家人，那么一定要把健康当成顶层设计，挂起晚睡的战靴，远离手机这类晚睡培养皿，第二天早点起来提升或运动。

我始终相信，早睡早起身体好。而身体好的人，才有一切的选择权和被选择权。

转载

来源：哪梁爽哪喜庆(ID: zheliangshuang) | 作者: 梁爽 | 平台: 新浪微博

题目

Initially, there is a Robot at position (0, 0). Given a sequence of its moves, judge if this robot makes a circle, which means it moves back to the original place.

The move sequence is represented by a string. And each move is represent by a character. The valid robot moves are R(Right), L(Left), U(Up) and D(down). The output should be true or false representing whether the robot makes a circle.

Example 1:

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Input: "UD"
Output: true

Example 2:

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Input: "LL"
Output: false

难度

Easy

方法

对每个方向计数，如果L出现的次数==R出现的次数，并且U出现的次数==D出现的次数，则robot会回到初始位置，返回True；否则返回False

python代码

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class Solution(object):
    def judgeCircle(self, moves):
        """
        :type moves: str
        :rtype: bool
        """
        counter = {}
        for c in moves:
            counter[c] = counter.get(c, 0) + 1

        return counter.get("L") == counter.get("R") and counter.get("U") == counter.get("D")

assert Solution().judgeCircle("UD") == True
assert Solution().judgeCircle("LL") == False

题目

Given a non-empty special binary tree consisting of nodes with the non-negative value, where each node in this tree has exactly two or zero sub-node. If the node has two sub-nodes, then this node’s value is the smaller value among its two sub-nodes.

Given such a binary tree, you need to output the second minimum value in the set made of all the nodes’ value in the whole tree.

If no such second minimum value exists, output -1 instead.

Example 1:

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Input: 
    2
   / \
  2   5
     / \
    5   7

Output: 5
Explanation: The smallest value is 2, the second smallest value is 5.

Example 2:

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Input: 
    2
   / \
  2   2

Output: -1
Explanation: The smallest value is 2, but there isn't any second smallest value.

难度

Easy

方法

首先将最小值minimum和第二小值second_minimum置为maxint，递归遍历二叉树，如果节点值比最小值小，则将最小值赋给第二小值，然后将最小值更新为节点值；如果节点值比最小值大，并且节点值小于第二小值，则将第二小值更新为节点值。节点遍历后如果第二小值==maxint，即没有第二小值，则返回-1

python代码

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import sys

class TreeNode(object):
    def __init__(self, x):
        self.val = x
        self.left = None
        self.right = None

class Solution(object):
    def findSecondMinimumValue(self, root):
        self.min = sys.maxint
        self.second_min = sys.maxint
        def traverse(node):
            if node:
                if node.val < self.min:
                    self.second_min = self.min
                    self.min = node.val
                elif node.val < self.second_min and node.val != self.min:
                    self.second_min = node.val

                traverse(node.left)
                traverse(node.right)

        traverse(root)
        if self.second_min != sys.maxint:
            return self.second_min
        return -1

root = TreeNode(2)
root.left = TreeNode(2)
root.right = TreeNode(5)
root.right.left = TreeNode(5)
root.right.right = TreeNode(7)

assert Solution().findSecondMinimumValue(root) == 5

题目

We define a harmonious array is an array where the difference between its maximum value and its minimum value is exactly 1.
Now, given an integer array, you need to find the length of its longest harmonious subsequence among all its possible subsequences.
Example 1:

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**Input:** [1,3,2,2,5,2,3,7]
**Output:** 5**
Explanation:** The longest harmonious subsequence is [3,2,2,2,3].

Note: The length of the input array will not exceed 20,000.

难度

Easy

方法

用一个map存放所有值出现的次数，对于map中的每个num，求出num和num+1出现的次数之和，找出最大值即可

python代码

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class Solution(object):
    def findLHS(self, nums):
        """
        :type nums: List[int]
        :rtype: int
        """
        nums_count = {}
        for num in nums:
            nums_count[num] = nums_count.get(num, 0) + 1

        result = 0
        for num in nums_count:
            count = nums_count[num]
            if nums_count.get(num+1):
                result = max(result, count + nums_count[num+1])
        return result

assert Solution().findLHS([1,3,2,2,5,2,3,7]) == 5

题目

Given an integer, write an algorithm to convert it to hexadecimal. For negative integer, two’s complement method is used.
Note:

1. All letters in hexadecimal (a-f) must be in lowercase.
2. The hexadecimal string must not contain extra leading 0s. If the number is zero, it is represented by a single zero character ‘0’; otherwise, the first character in the hexadecimal string will not be the zero character.
3. The given number is guaranteed to fit within the range of a 32-bit signed integer.
4. You must not use any method provided by the library which converts/formats the number to hex directly.

Example 1:

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Input:
26
Output:
"1a"

Example 2:

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Input:
-1
Output:
"ffffffff"

难度

Easy

方法

对于num，每次num&15便可取到最右的4个bit位，然后num>>4循环处理即可将num转换为16进制。因为num范围为32bit位，因此最多右移8次，每次右移4个bit位。当num不为0时，转换为16进制后，前面有0需去除。

python代码

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class Solution(object):
    def toHex(self, num):
        """
        :type num: int
        :rtype: str
        """
        if num == 0:
            return "0"
        map = ["0","1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","a","b","c","d","e","f"]
        hex = ""
        for i in range(8):
            hex = map[num & 0xf] + hex
            num = num >> 4

        return hex.lstrip("0")

assert Solution().toHex(-1) == "ffffffff"
assert Solution().toHex(26) == "1a"